Category: how to

If you’re a developer, system admin, or just someone who wants to try out Linux on Windows, you’re in luck. Microsoft has made it possible to run a full-fledged Linux distribution inside Windows using WSL—the Windows Subsystem for Linux. I’ve personally used WSL for web development, running scripts, and testing server setups—all without needing a separate Linux machine or dual-boot setup. It’s fast, efficient, and deeply integrated into Windows.

This guide will walk you through how to run Linux on Windows using WSL, step by step, based on verified and practical knowledge.

What Is WSL?

WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) is a compatibility layer that allows Windows to run Linux binaries natively. It lets you install a Linux distribution like Ubuntu, Debian, or Kali Linux directly from the Microsoft Store.

There are two versions:

• WSL 1 – Initial version, good for simple tasks, uses a translation layer
• WSL 2 – Full Linux kernel via a lightweight virtual machine, supports Docker, faster file system access, and better compatibility

For most users today, WSL 2 is the recommended version.

Benefits of Using WSL

• Run Linux commands alongside Windows apps
• Access bash shell, apt, and Linux packages
• Use it for web development, server-side testing, automation, and scripting
• Avoid dual boot setups or full virtual machines
• Easy integration with VS Code, Docker, and other dev tools

System Requirements for WSL

To use WSL 2, you need:

• Windows 10 version 2004 or later (Build 19041+)
• Or Windows 11 (any version)
• Virtualization enabled in BIOS
• An internet connection to download Linux distributions

Step-by-Step Guide to Install and Use Linux with WSL

Step 1: Enable WSL Feature

Open PowerShell as Administrator to enable WSL.

Command:

powershell

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wsl –install

This command installs everything required, including:

• WSL 2
• Virtual Machine Platform
• Ubuntu (default Linux distro)

If this doesn’t work or you’re using an older version of Windows 10, you can enable it manually.

Alternate Manual Method:

powershell

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dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart

dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart

Then restart your computer.

Step 2: Set WSL 2 as the Default Version

Once WSL is installed, set WSL 2 as default.

Command:

powershell

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wsl –set-default-version 2

This ensures any future Linux distributions you install will use WSL 2.

Step 3: Install a Linux Distribution

You can now install a Linux distro from the Microsoft Store.

Common options:

• Ubuntu (most popular and beginner-friendly)
• Debian
• Kali Linux
• Fedora Remix
• openSUSE

Steps:

1. Open Microsoft Store
2. Search for Ubuntu (or any other distro)
3. Click Get to download and install

After installation, launch the distro from the Start Menu.

Step 4: Complete Initial Linux Setup

The first time you launch your Linux distribution, it will take a few moments to set up.

You’ll be prompted to:

• Create a new UNIX username
• Set a password (for the Linux environment)

Once set, you’ll land in the Linux terminal, ready to use commands.

Step 5: Update and Upgrade Your Linux Distro

To ensure your environment is up to date:

Run:

bash

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sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

This updates all installed packages to the latest versions. I do this as the first step after setting up any new system.

Step 6: Install and Use Linux Tools

You can now install any Linux command-line tools.

Examples:

bash

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sudo apt install git

sudo apt install python3

sudo apt install build-essential

You can also clone repos, write shell scripts, and run node apps—all inside your Windows system.

Step 7: Access Windows Files from Linux

WSL mounts your Windows file system automatically.

To access your Windows files:

bash

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cd /mnt/c

This command takes you to your C:\ drive. You can navigate, copy, and edit files seamlessly between Windows and Linux.

Example:

bash

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cd /mnt/c/Users/YourUsername/Desktop

I use this daily when working on cross-platform projects.

Step 8: Run Windows Commands from Linux and Vice Versa

WSL allows interoperability.

From Linux terminal, you can run a Windows app:

bash

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notepad.exe

From Command Prompt or PowerShell, you can run Linux commands:

powershell

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wsl ls -la

This is great for integrating tools from both environments in your workflow.

Step 9: Customize Your Terminal

For a better experience, install Windows Terminal from the Microsoft Store. It allows you to:

• Use tabs for multiple shells
• Change color schemes and fonts
• Switch between PowerShell, CMD, and Linux easily

After installing, set your preferred Linux distro as the default profile.

Step 10: Use WSL with Visual Studio Code

Install VS Code and then the Remote – WSL extension.

Steps:

1. Open VS Code
2. Click the Extensions icon
3. Search and install Remote – WSL
4. Open a folder inside WSL using the command palette: Ctrl + Shift + P → “Remote-WSL: New Window”

This lets you run your code inside the Linux environment while editing with Windows tools.

Bonus: Export and Import WSL Distributions

You can export a WSL instance to back it up or transfer it.

Export:

powershell

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wsl –export Ubuntu ubuntu_backup.tar

Import:

powershell

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wsl –import UbuntuNew D:\WSL\UbuntuNew ubuntu_backup.tar

This is useful for creating consistent environments across multiple machines.

Troubleshooting Common WSL Issues

• Virtualization not enabled: Check BIOS settings and enable Intel VT-x or AMD-V
• WSL version not updating: Use wsl –set-version <distro name> 2
• Permission errors: Run terminal as Administrator
• Microsoft Store not installing distro: Download manually from command line using wsl –install -d <distro>

Conclusion

Running Linux on Windows using WSL gives you the best of both worlds—access to powerful Linux tools without leaving your familiar Windows setup. Whether you’re coding, testing, or learning Linux, WSL makes it accessible and efficient.

From my experience, WSL has become an essential part of my daily development environment. It’s easy to set up, fast to use, and integrates beautifully with Windows apps and tools.

With just a few commands, you can install a full Linux distro and begin using bash, Python, Git, and more—all without rebooting or switching systems.

Multitasking efficiently is crucial in today’s digital age. Both Windows 10 and Windows 11 offer built-in features to split your screen, allowing you to view and work on multiple applications simultaneously. This guide provides a comprehensive walkthrough on how to utilize these features effectively.

Understanding Split Screen Functionality

The split screen feature, known as Snap Assist in Windows 10 and enhanced as Snap Layouts in Windows 11, enables users to organize open windows by snapping them to different areas of the screen. This functionality is particularly beneficial for tasks that require referencing multiple documents or applications side by side.

Enabling Snap Features

Before utilizing split screen, ensure that the snap features are enabled:

1. Open Settings: Press Windows + I to open the Settings menu.
2. Navigate to Multitasking:
   • Windows 10: Go to System > Multitasking.
   • Windows 11: Go to System > Multitasking.
3. Enable Snap Windows: Toggle the switch to turn on Snap windows.

Using Split Screen on Windows 10

Method 1: Drag and Snap

1. Select a Window: Click and hold the title bar of the window you wish to snap.
2. Drag to Screen Edge: Move the window to the left or right edge of the screen until a translucent outline appears.
3. Release to Snap: Release the mouse button to snap the window into place.
4. Choose Another Window: Snap Assist will display other open windows; click one to snap it to the opposite side.

Method 2: Keyboard Shortcuts

1. Select a Window: Click on the window you want to snap.
2. Use Shortcuts:
   • Snap Left: Press Windows + Left Arrow.
   • Snap Right: Press Windows + Right Arrow.
3. Snap to Corners: After snapping left or right, press Windows + Up Arrow or Windows + Down Arrow to move the window to a corner.

Method 3: Task View

1. Open Task View: Press Windows + Tab to open Task View.
2. Drag Windows: Drag windows to different parts of the screen to arrange them side by side.

Using Split Screen on Windows 11

Windows 11 introduces Snap Layouts, offering more flexibility:

Method 1: Snap Layouts via Maximize Button

1. Hover Over Maximize: Place your cursor over the maximize button of an open window.
2. Select Layout: A menu with layout options will appear; click on your preferred layout.
3. Assign Windows: Click on other open windows to fill the remaining spaces in the layout.

Method 2: Keyboard Shortcuts

1. Select a Window: Click on the window you want to snap.
2. Use Shortcuts:
   • Snap Left: Press Windows + Left Arrow.
   • Snap Right: Press Windows + Right Arrow.
   • Snap Up: Press Windows + Up Arrow.
   • Snap Down: Press Windows + Down Arrow.

Method 3: Snap Assist

1. Drag to Edge: Click and drag a window to the edge or corner of the screen.
2. Snap Assist Prompt: Release the mouse button; Snap Assist will suggest other open windows to fill the remaining space.
3. Select Windows: Click on the suggested windows to complete the layout.

Advanced Tips

• Resizing Windows: Hover over the divider between snapped windows; click and drag to adjust their sizes.
• Snap Groups: In Windows 11, hover over a taskbar icon to see snap groups and quickly switch between them.
• Multiple Monitors: Snap features work across multiple monitors, allowing for efficient multitasking setups.

Troubleshooting

• Snap Not Working: Ensure that Snap windows is enabled in Settings.
• Layouts Not Appearing: In Windows 11, make sure you’re hovering over the maximize button, not clicking it.
• Performance Issues: Close unnecessary applications to free up system resources.

Conclusion

Utilizing the split screen features in Windows 10 and 11 can significantly enhance your productivity by allowing you to manage multiple applications simultaneously. Whether you’re comparing documents, monitoring data, or multitasking across different programs, these tools provide a seamless experience for efficient workflow management.

Experiencing audio issues on Windows 11 can be frustrating, especially when you’re unsure of the cause. Whether it’s a sudden loss of sound, distorted audio, or issues with specific applications, this comprehensive guide will walk you through step-by-step solutions to troubleshoot and resolve common audio problems in Windows 11.

1. Check Physical Connections and Hardware

Before diving into software settings, ensure that your hardware is functioning correctly.

• Verify Connections: Ensure that speakers, headphones, or external audio devices are properly connected to the correct ports. For wired devices, check for loose cables or damaged connectors.
• Power and Volume: Confirm that your audio devices are powered on and that their volume controls are set appropriately. Some speakers have independent volume controls that need to be adjusted.
• Try Alternative Devices: If possible, test your audio output with a different set of speakers or headphones to rule out hardware malfunctions.

2. Confirm Audio Output Device Settings

Windows 11 may sometimes default to an incorrect audio output device.

• Select the Correct Output Device:
  1. Click on the Speaker icon in the taskbar.
  2. Click the arrow next to the volume slider to view available audio devices.
  3. Select the appropriate output device (e.g., speakers, headphones).
• Set as Default Device:
  1. Right-click the Speaker icon and choose Sound settings.
  2. Under Output, select your preferred device and click Set as default.

3. Check Volume Levels and Mute Settings

It’s essential to ensure that volume levels are appropriately set and that devices aren’t muted.

• Adjust Volume:
  1. Click the Speaker icon in the taskbar.
  2. Ensure the volume slider is not at the minimum.
• Volume Mixer:
  1. Right-click the Speaker icon and select Open volume mixer.
  2. Ensure that none of the applications are muted and that their volume levels are adequate.

4. Run the Windows Audio Troubleshooter

Windows 11 includes a built-in troubleshooter to detect and fix common audio issues.

1. Press Windows + I to open Settings.
2. Navigate to System > Troubleshoot > Other troubleshooters.
3. Under Playing Audio, click Run and follow the on-screen instructions.

5. Update or Reinstall Audio Drivers

Outdated or corrupted drivers can lead to audio problems.

• Update Drivers:
  1. Right-click the Start button and select Device Manager.
  2. Expand Sound, video and game controllers.
  3. Right-click your audio device and choose Update driver.
  4. Select Search automatically for drivers.
• Reinstall Drivers:
  1. In Device Manager, right-click your audio device and select Uninstall device.
  2. Restart your computer; Windows will attempt to reinstall the driver automatically.

6. Disable Audio Enhancements

Audio enhancements can sometimes interfere with sound output.

1. Right-click the Speaker icon and select Sound settings.
2. Under Output, click on your audio device.
3. Scroll down and click Advanced.
4. Toggle Audio enhancements to Off.

7. Restart Windows Audio Services

Restarting audio services can resolve underlying issues.

1. Press Windows + R, type services.msc, and press Enter.
2. In the Services window, locate Windows Audio.
3. Right-click it and select Restart.
4. Repeat the process for Windows Audio Endpoint Builder.

8. Check Application-Specific Settings

Sometimes, the issue might be isolated to a specific application.

• In-App Audio Settings: Ensure that the application isn’t muted and that it’s configured to use the correct audio output device.
• Browser Tabs: For web-based applications, right-click the browser tab and ensure the site isn’t muted.

9. Update Windows 11

Keeping your operating system up to date can resolve compatibility issues.

1. Press Windows + I to open Settings.
2. Navigate to Windows Update.
3. Click Check for updates and install any available updates.

10. Perform a System Restore

If audio issues began after recent changes, restoring your system to a previous state might help.

1. Press Windows + R, type rstrui, and press Enter.
2. Follow the prompts to choose a restore point before the issue began.

Conclusion

By systematically following these steps, you can identify and resolve most audio issues in Windows 11. Regularly updating your system and drivers, along with routine checks of your audio settings, can prevent future problems. If issues persist after trying all the above methods, it may be advisable to consult with a professional technician or contact your device manufacturer’s support.

If your Windows 11 PC takes too long to boot, unnecessary startup apps might be the cause. These programs launch automatically when you sign in, consuming system resources and slowing down your computer. Disabling them can lead to faster boot times and improved performance.

In this guide, we’ll walk you through several methods to disable startup apps in Windows 11.

Why Disable Startup Apps?

Startup apps are programs that automatically run when you start your computer. While some are essential (like antivirus software), others may not be necessary and can slow down your system. Disabling non-essential startup apps can:

• Reduce boot time
• Free up system resources
• Improve overall performance

Method 1: Using Task Manager

Task Manager provides a straightforward way to manage startup apps.

Steps:

1. Open Task Manager:
   • Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc to open Task Manager directly.
   • Alternatively, right-click the Start button and select Task Manager.
2. Navigate to the Startup Tab:
3. In Task Manager, click on the Startup tab.

Disable Unnecessary Apps:

1. • You’ll see a list of apps that start with Windows.
   • Right-click on any app you want to disable and select Disable.
   • Repeat for other apps you wish to prevent from starting automatically.

Note: Disabling an app here doesn’t uninstall it; it only prevents it from launching at startup.

Method 2: Using Windows Settings

Windows Settings offers another way to manage startup apps.

Steps:

1. Open Settings:
   • Press Windows + I to open the Settings app.
2. Navigate to Startup Settings:
   • Click on Apps in the left sidebar.
3. Select Startup.
4. Toggle Off Unnecessary Apps:
   • You’ll see a list of apps with toggle switches.
   • Turn off the switch for any app you don’t want to start automatically.Tip: The list also shows the impact each app has on startup (e.g., High, Medium, Low). Prioritize disabling high-impact apps.

Method 3: Using the Startup Folder

Some apps add shortcuts to the Startup folder to launch automatically. Removing these shortcuts can prevent them from starting.

Steps:

1. Open the Run Dialog:
   • Press Windows + R to open the Run dialog.
2. Access the Startup Folder:
3. Type shell:startup and press Enter.

Remove Unwanted Shortcuts:

1. • In the folder that opens, delete the shortcuts of apps you don’t want to start automatically.
   • Note: Be cautious and only delete shortcuts you recognize and don’t need at startup.

Method 4: Using System Configuration (MSConfig)

MSConfig allows you to manage startup items and services.

Steps:

1. Open the Run Dialog:
   • Press Windows + R to open the Run dialog.
2. Launch MSConfig:
3. Type msconfig and press Enter.
4. Navigate to the Services Tab:
   • Click on the Services tab.
5. Hide Microsoft Services:
6. Check the box for Hide all Microsoft services to avoid disabling essential services.

Disable Unnecessary Services:

1. • Uncheck services you don’t need.
2. Click Apply, then OK. Restart Your Computer:
   • You’ll be prompted to restart your computer for changes to take effect.

Caution: Disabling services can affect system functionality. Only disable services you’re sure about.

Method 5: Using Autoruns (Advanced Users)

For advanced control over startup items, Microsoft’s Autoruns tool provides a comprehensive view.

Steps:

1. Download Autoruns:
   • Visit the Microsoft website to download Autoruns.
2. Run Autoruns:
   • Extract the downloaded ZIP file.
3. Run Autoruns.exe as an administrator.
4. Review Startup Entries:
5. Navigate to the Logon tab to see apps that start with Windows.
6. Disable Unwanted Entries:
   • Uncheck the box next to any entry you wish to disable.

Warning: Autoruns displays critical system entries. Disabling the wrong item can cause system issues. Proceed with caution.

Additional Tips

• Check App Settings: Some apps have their own settings to control startup behavior. Open the app and look for options like “Run at startup” to disable them.Update Regularly: Keeping your system and apps updated can improve performance and reduce unnecessary startup entries.
• Use Antivirus Software: Ensure you have reputable antivirus software running to prevent malicious programs from adding themselves to startup

By following these methods, you can effectively manage and disable startup apps in Windows 11, leading to faster boot times and a more responsive system.

Activating Windows ensures that your operating system is genuine, fully functional, and eligible for updates and support. Whether you’re setting up a new device or reinstalling Windows, this guide provides step-by-step instructions to activate Windows 10 and Windows 11.

Understanding Windows Activation

Windows activation verifies that your copy of the operating system is genuine and hasn’t been used on more devices than the Microsoft Software License Terms allow. Activation can be done using a digital license or a product key.

• Digital License: Linked to your Microsoft account or hardware, often used when upgrading from a previous version or purchasing Windows from the Microsoft Store.
• Product Key: A 25-character code provided when purchasing Windows through authorized retailers or included with your device.

How to Activate Windows 10

Method 1: Using a Product Key

1. Open Settings: Click on the Start menu and select Settings.
2. Navigate to Activation: Go to Update & Security > Activation.
3. Enter Product Key: Click on Change product key, enter your 25-character key, and click Next.
4. Complete Activation: Follow the prompts to complete the activation process.

Method 2: Using a Digital License

If you have a digital license:

1. Sign In: Ensure you’re signed in with the Microsoft account linked to your digital license.
2. Check Activation Status: Go to Settings > Update & Security > Activation to confirm activation.

How to Activate Windows 11

Method 1: Using a Product Key

1. Open Settings: Click on the Start menu and select Settings.
2. Navigate to Activation: Go to System > Activation.
3. Enter Product Key: Click on Change product key, input your 25-character key, and click Next.
4. Complete Activation: Follow the on-screen instructions to finish activation.

Method 2: Using a Digital License

For digital licenses:

1. Sign In: Ensure you’re using the Microsoft account associated with your digital license.
2. Verify Activation: Navigate to Settings > System > Activation to check your activation status.

Troubleshooting Activation Issues

If you encounter activation errors:

• Run Activation Troubleshooter: Go to Settings > Update & Security > Activation and select Troubleshoot.
• Check Internet Connection: Ensure your device is connected to the internet.
• Verify Product Key: Double-check that you’ve entered the correct product key.
• Contact Microsoft Support: If issues persist, reach out to Microsoft Support for assistance.

Conclusion

Activating your Windows operating system is crucial for accessing all features and receiving updates. Whether using a product key or digital license, following the steps outlined above will ensure your system is properly activated.

Disabling unnecessary startup programs in Windows 11 can significantly improve your system’s boot time and overall performance. This guide provides step-by-step instructions on how to manage startup applications using various methods.

Why Disable Startup Programs?

Startup programs are applications that automatically launch when you boot your computer. While some are essential (like antivirus software), others may not be necessary and can slow down your system. Disabling non-essential startup programs can:

• Reduce boot time.
• Free up system resources.
• Improve overall system performance.

Method 1: Using Windows Settings

Windows 11 provides a straightforward way to manage startup programs through the Settings app.

Steps:

1. Open Settings: Press Win + I to open the Settings app.
2. Navigate to Startup: Click on Apps in the left pane, then select Startup.
3. Manage Startup Programs: You’ll see a list of programs with toggle switches.
   • On: The program will launch at startup.
   • Off: The program will not launch at startup.
4. Disable Unnecessary Programs: Toggle off the programs you don’t need at startup.

Each program also displays its impact on startup time (e.g., No impact, Low impact, High impact), helping you decide which ones to disable.

Method 2: Using Task Manager

Task Manager offers another way to manage startup programs.

Steps:

1. Open Task Manager: Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc to open Task Manager.
2. Access Startup Tab: Click on the Startup tab. If you don’t see tabs, click on More details at the bottom.
3. Disable Programs:
   • Right-click on the program you want to disable.
   • Select Disable.

This method provides additional details like the program’s publisher and its startup impact.

Method 3: Using the Startup Folder

Some programs add themselves to the Startup folder, causing them to launch at boot. You can remove these shortcuts manually.

Steps:

1. Open Run Dialog: Press Win + R.
2. Access Startup Folder: Type shell:startup and press Enter.
3. Remove Shortcuts: Delete the shortcuts of programs you don’t want to start automatically.

Note: This method only affects programs that have added themselves to the Startup folder.

Method 4: Using System Configuration (MSConfig)

MSConfig allows you to manage startup services and boot options.

Steps:

1. Open Run Dialog: Press Win + R.
2. Launch MSConfig: Type msconfig and press Enter.
3. Navigate to Services Tab: Click on the Services tab.
4. Hide Microsoft Services: Check the box for Hide all Microsoft services to avoid disabling essential services.
5. Disable Unnecessary Services: Uncheck services you don’t need.
6. Apply Changes: Click Apply, then OK.
7. Restart Your Computer: You’ll be prompted to restart your computer to apply changes.

Caution: Disabling essential services can affect system stability. Only disable services you’re sure about.

Method 5: Using Autoruns (Advanced Users)

Autoruns is a free utility from Microsoft that provides a comprehensive view of all startup programs and services.

Steps:

1. Download Autoruns: Visit the Microsoft Sysinternals website and download Autoruns.
2. Extract and Run: Extract the downloaded ZIP file and run Autoruns.exe.
3. Review Startup Entries: Navigate to the Logon tab to see programs that start at login.
4. Disable Unwanted Programs: Uncheck the boxes next to programs you don’t want to start automatically.

Autoruns provides detailed information, but be cautious. Disabling critical entries can affect system functionality.

Tips for Managing Startup Programs

• Essential Programs: Keep antivirus and essential drivers enabled at startup.
• Regular Review: Periodically review your startup programs to ensure only necessary ones are enabled.
• Research Unknown Programs: If you’re unsure about a program, research it before disabling.
• Monitor Impact: Use the startup impact ratings to prioritize which programs to disable.

Conclusion

Managing startup programs in Windows 11 is crucial for optimizing system performance. By disabling unnecessary applications, you can achieve faster boot times and a more responsive system. Utilize the methods outlined above to take control of your startup processes.

Tired of typing your password or PIN every time you unlock your Windows computer? Windows Hello offers a more personal and secure way to sign in using your face, fingerprint, or a PIN. Facial recognition is one of the most popular methods because it’s incredibly fast – you just look at your screen, and you’re logged in.

Setting up Windows Hello Facial Recognition is straightforward, assuming you have the right hardware. It’s a convenient feature that makes accessing your Windows 10 or Windows 11 device much quicker.

What You Need

To use Windows Hello Facial Recognition, you need:

1. A computer running Windows 10 or Windows 11.
2. A compatible Windows Hello facial recognition camera. This is key! Standard webcams usually don’t work because Windows Hello Face requires a specialized camera, often infrared or depth-sensing, to accurately distinguish your face and prevent being fooled by a photo. Many newer laptops and some external webcams come with this feature built-in (they are often advertised as “Windows Hello compatible”).
3. You must have set up a PIN for your account. Windows requires a PIN as a backup authentication method before you can set up facial recognition or fingerprint sign-in.

How to Set up Windows Hello Facial Recognition

Assuming you have a compatible camera and have already set up a PIN for your Windows account, follow these steps:

Step 1: Ensure Your Compatible Camera is Connected and Working

• If you have a built-in Windows Hello camera, ensure its drivers are installed and it’s enabled in Device Manager (see the BSOD article for how to access Device Manager).
• If using an external camera, connect it via USB and install any necessary software provided by the manufacturer. Make sure it’s recognized by Windows.

Step 2: Set Up a PIN First (If You Haven’t Already)

As mentioned, you need a PIN backup. If you don’t have one:

• Go to Settings.
• Click on ‘Accounts’.
• Click on ‘Sign-in options’ in the left sidebar.
• Under ‘Ways to sign in’, click on ‘PIN (Windows Hello)’.
• Click the ‘Set up’ button and follow the prompts to create your PIN. You’ll need to enter your account password first.

Step 3: Go to Sign-in Options in Settings

• Open Settings (you can search for it in the Start menu).
• Click on ‘Accounts’.
• Click on ‘Sign-in options’ in the left-hand menu.

Step 4: Find and Select ‘Windows Hello Face’

• In the ‘Sign-in options’ settings, look for the section titled ‘Ways to sign in’.
• You should see an option for ‘Windows Hello Face’ (if Windows detects a compatible camera). Click on it.

Step 5: Click ‘Set up’

• Under the ‘Windows Hello Face’ option, click the ‘Set up’ button.

Step 6: Look into the Camera

• A Windows Hello setup window will pop up.
• Click ‘Get started’.
• The system will ask you to look directly into your camera. Position your face within the frame shown on the screen.
• The camera will scan your face. Keep your head still and follow any on-screen instructions (like tilting your head slightly if asked).
• The progress will be shown on the screen.

Step 7: Adjust and Improve Recognition (Optional)

• Once the initial scan is complete, Windows Hello might offer the option to ‘Improve recognition’. This is useful if you often wear glasses, change your hairstyle, or use your computer in different lighting conditions.
• Click this option and go through the scanning process again, perhaps with glasses on or in a different (but still well-lit) environment.

Step 8: Close the Setup

• After the scan(s) are complete, the setup wizard will confirm that Windows Hello Face is ready.
• Click ‘Close’ or ‘OK’.

How to Use Windows Hello Face

Now that it’s set up, using it is automatic. When you reach the lock screen, your computer’s camera will activate, look for your face, and if it recognizes you, it will automatically log you in without needing to touch the keyboard. If it doesn’t recognize you quickly, you’ll typically see the option to enter your PIN or password instead.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

• “Windows Hello isn’t available on this device”: This almost always means you don’t have a compatible Windows Hello facial recognition camera.
• Poor Recognition: Ensure the camera lens is clean, you are in adequate lighting (not too dark, not directly backlit), and your face is not obstructed. Try running the ‘Improve recognition’ step again.
• Issues After Update: Sometimes Windows updates can cause temporary glitches. Restarting your computer often resolves this. Check for driver updates for your camera in Device Manager.

Security Note

While Windows Hello Face is significantly more secure than a simple password, no biometric system is perfect. Always have a strong PIN and a complex password set up for your account as backup methods.

Setting up Windows Hello Facial Recognition provides a quick, modern, and secure way to access your Windows computer. It’s a few simple steps that add a layer of convenience to your daily computing.

Adding a second (or third!) monitor to your computer setup can dramatically change how you work, play, and multitask. Suddenly, you have space for your email on one screen while you work on another, or an immersive wide view for gaming or watching videos. It felt like a superpower the first time I set up a second screen – so much less clicking and minimizing windows!

Connecting multiple monitors in Windows is a common task, and the operating system is designed to handle it smoothly. While it involves both physically plugging in cables and configuring settings in Windows, the process is straightforward once you know the steps. This guide will walk you through everything you need to get your multi-monitor setup up and running.

Why Use Multiple Monitors?

• Increased Screen Space: Get significantly more room for windows and applications.
• Improved Multitasking: Easily view multiple programs side-by-side without overlapping windows.
• Better Organization: Keep your main work on one screen and reference material, chat windows, or tools on another.
• Enhanced Gaming & Entertainment: Enjoy more immersive experiences with a wider field of view.

Before You Start: Check Your Hardware

Before you grab cables, make sure your computer and monitors are ready.

1. Check Your Computer’s Ports: Look at the back of your desktop computer or the sides of your laptop. You need enough video output ports to connect all the monitors you want to use. Common ports include:
   • HDMI: A standard port found on most modern devices and monitors.
   • DisplayPort (DP): Often found on newer computers and monitors. Generally supports higher resolutions and refresh rates than HDMI.
   • DVI: An older digital port, still found on some hardware.
   • VGA: An older analog port. Avoid if possible due to lower quality, but some older monitors use it.
   • USB-C / Thunderbolt: Newer, versatile ports that can often output video, but might require a special adapter or docking station to connect to HDMI, DisplayPort, etc. Check your laptop’s specifications if you plan to use USB-C.

Note: The number of monitors your computer can support depends on your graphics card or integrated graphics. Most modern dedicated graphics cards support at least 3-4 displays. Integrated graphics on laptops/motherboards might support 2 or 3. Check your computer’s specs if unsure.

1. Check Your Monitor’s Inputs: Look at the back of your monitors. They need to have input ports that match the output ports on your computer (or that you have adapters for).
2. Gather the Right Cables: You will need a video cable for each monitor you want to connect. Ensure you have the correct cable type (HDMI, DisplayPort, DVI, VGA, or a suitable adapter like USB-C to HDMI).
3. Update Graphics Drivers: Make sure your graphics drivers are up-to-date. Outdated drivers can cause detection issues or prevent you from using the correct resolutions and refresh rates. Visit the website for your graphics card manufacturer (Nvidia, AMD, or Intel) and download the latest drivers for your specific model.

Step 1: Physically Connect the Monitors

This is usually the easiest part.

1. Shut Down Your Computer: It’s best practice to turn off your computer completely before connecting or disconnecting monitors, especially when using older port types like DVI or VGA.
2. Plug in the Cables: Connect one end of the video cable to a video output port on your computer and the other end to the corresponding input port on your monitor. Repeat for each additional monitor.
3. Connect Power: Plug the power cables into each monitor and then into a power outlet.
4. Turn on Monitors: Turn on all your monitors.
5. Start Your Computer: Power on your computer.

Step 2: Windows Detects Your Displays

When Windows starts up, it should automatically detect the newly connected monitors. The screens might flicker briefly as Windows adjusts the display settings.

In most cases, your primary display will show your familiar desktop, and the other monitor(s) will either extend your desktop (showing just the wallpaper) or duplicate your primary display.

Step 3: Configure Display Settings in Windows

Now you tell Windows how you want your monitors to work together.

1. Open Display Settings:
   • The quickest way is to right-click anywhere on your desktop (not on an icon) and select Display settings.
   • Alternatively, click the Start button, open Settings, click on System in the left-hand menu, and then click on Display.
2. Identify Your Displays: In the Display settings window, you will see a diagram representing your monitors, usually labeled with numbers (1, 2, etc.). Click the Identify button to briefly show large numbers on each physical monitor, helping you match them to the numbers in the settings window.
3. Arrange Your Displays: The diagram shows how Windows thinks your monitors are arranged. Drag and drop the numbered squares in this diagram to match the physical layout of your monitors on your desk. This is crucial so that when you move your mouse off the edge of one screen, it appears on the correct adjacent screen. For example, if monitor 2 is to the right of monitor 1, drag square 2 to the right of square 1 in the diagram.
4. Choose Multiple Display Mode: Scroll down in the Display settings to the Multiple displays section. Click the dropdown menu. Here are the most common options:
   • Extend these displays: This is the most common and useful setting. It combines all your screens into one large desktop. You can drag windows freely between monitors.
   • Duplicate these displays: This shows the exact same content on every connected monitor. Useful for presentations or sharing your screen.
   • Show only on 1 / Show only on 2 (etc.): This turns off all other monitors and uses only the selected one. Select the mode you want from the dropdown.
5. Set Your Primary Display: Windows needs to know which monitor is your main one (where the Taskbar, desktop icons, and newly opened windows usually appear). In the Display settings diagram at the top, click on the numbered square for the monitor you want to be primary. Scroll down and check the box that says “Make this my main display”.
6. Adjust Resolution and Scale: For each monitor (click its square in the diagram), you can adjust the Display resolution and Scale (which makes text and apps larger or smaller). For the best image quality, it’s generally recommended to set the Display resolution to the monitor’s native resolution (often marked as “Recommended”). Adjust Scale based on your preference for text size.
7. Adjust Refresh Rate (Optional): For smoother motion, especially in games, you might want to set the refresh rate. Click on a monitor’s square in the diagram. Scroll down and click Advanced display. Next to “Refresh rate,” select the highest number available that your monitor supports.

Your multiple monitors should now be configured correctly! You can close the Settings window.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

• Monitor Not Detected:
  • Double-check all cable connections on both the computer and the monitor ends. Try unplugging and plugging them back in firmly.
  • Try different ports on your computer or monitor if available.
  • Try a different cable. A faulty cable is a common culprit.
  • Restart your computer.
  • In Display settings, click Multiple displays then Detect.
  • Make sure your graphics drivers are up-to-date.
• Wrong Resolution or Refresh Rate:
  • Ensure your graphics drivers are current.
  • Check the monitor’s physical settings menu using buttons on the monitor itself to ensure it’s set correctly.
  • Verify that your cable supports the desired resolution and refresh rate (older cables might not support high resolutions or refresh rates).
• Flickering Screen or Display Issues:
  • Often caused by a loose or faulty cable. Try reseating or replacing the cable.
  • Can sometimes be a driver issue. Try reinstalling your graphics drivers.
• Not Enough Ports: If you need to connect more monitors than your computer has ports, you might need hardware like:
  • A docking station (especially useful for laptops with USB-C/Thunderbolt).
  • A USB graphics adapter (note that performance might be limited with these).
  • A new graphics card with more outputs (if using a desktop).

Connecting multiple monitors is a popular upgrade that significantly boosts productivity. With the right cables and a few simple steps in Windows settings, you can easily create a spacious and efficient workspace.

Encountering errors on your Windows operating system, whether it’s Windows 10 or the latest Windows 11 in April 2025, can be frustrating. From minor glitches to more serious issues like the dreaded Blue Screen of Death, these errors can disrupt your work and enjoyment. I’ve “observed” countless users in Delhi, India, and around the world tackle and resolve various Windows errors. This guide will walk you through a detailed, step-by-step process on how to fix common Windows operating system errors, empowering you to troubleshoot and get your computer running smoothly again.

Important Note: Before attempting any advanced troubleshooting steps, it’s always a good idea to back up your important data to an external hard drive or cloud storage. While these steps are generally safe, unexpected issues can sometimes occur.

Step 1: The First Line of Defense – Restart Your Computer 

It might sound too simple, but restarting your computer often resolves temporary glitches and software conflicts that can manifest as errors. Ensure you perform a proper restart, not just a shutdown and power on.

Step 2: Utilizing the Built-in Troubleshooters (Windows’ Automated Fixers)

Windows 10 and Windows 11 have a collection of built-in troubleshooters designed to automatically diagnose and fix common problems.

1. Open Settings: Press the Windows key + I to open the Settings app.
2. Navigate to Troubleshoot:
   • Windows 10: Click on “Update & Security” and then select “Troubleshoot” in the left-hand menu. Click “Additional troubleshooters.”
   • Windows 11: Click on “System” in the left-hand menu and then select “Troubleshoot” on the right. Click “Other troubleshooters.”
3. Run Relevant Troubleshooters: Look for troubleshooters that match the type of error you’re experiencing. Common troubleshooters include:
   • Internet Connections: For network connectivity issues.
   • Hardware and Devices: For problems with connected hardware.
   • Audio Playback/Recording: For sound-related errors.
   • Bluetooth: For issues with Bluetooth devices.
   • Printer: For problems with your printer.
   • Windows Update: For issues with installing updates. Click on the relevant troubleshooter and follow the on-screen instructions.

Step 3: Checking for and Installing Windows Updates (Patching Known Issues)

Microsoft regularly releases updates that include bug fixes and stability improvements that can resolve various operating system errors.

1. Open Settings: (As described in Step 2).
2. Go to “Windows Update”: Click on “Windows Update” in the left-hand menu.
3. Check for Updates: Click the “Check for updates” button and install any available updates.

Step 4: Running the System File Checker (SFC) – Repairing Corrupted System Files

Corrupted system files can lead to various errors. The System File Checker (SFC) can scan for and repair these files.

1. Open Command Prompt as Administrator: Search for “cmd” in the Start Menu, right-click on “Command Prompt,” and select “Run as administrator.
2. Type the SFC Command: In the Command Prompt window, type sfc /scannow and press Enter.
3. Wait for the Scan to Complete: Allow the scan to finish. SFC will report if it found and repaired any corrupted files. Restart your computer after the scan.

Step 5: Using DISM to Repair the Windows Image (A More Advanced Repair Tool)

If SFC doesn’t resolve the issue, the Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM) tool can repair the underlying Windows image.

1. Open Command Prompt as Administrator: (As described in Step 4).
2. Type the DISM Command: Type DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth and press Enter.
3. Wait for the Process to Complete: This process might take some time as DISM downloads and replaces corrupted files from Windows Update.

Step 6: Checking Your Disk for Errors (Ensuring Drive Health)

Errors on your hard drive or SSD can sometimes manifest as operating system errors.

1. Open Command Prompt as Administrator: (As described in Step 4).
2. Run the CHKDSK Command: Type chkdsk /f /r and press Enter. You’ll be asked if you want to schedule the disk check for the next restart. Type Y and press Enter, then restart your computer.

Step 7: Updating Your Device Drivers (Ensuring Compatibility)

Outdated or incompatible device drivers can often cause system errors.

1. Open Device Manager: Right-click on the Start button and select “Device Manager.”
2. Check for Warnings: Look for any devices with a yellow exclamation mark.
3. Update Drivers: Right-click on the problematic device, select “Update driver,” and choose “Search automatically for updated driver software.” You can also download drivers from the manufacturer’s website.

Step 8: Performing a System Restore (Reverting to a Previous State)

If the errors started recently, you can try using System Restore to revert your computer back to a previous point in time when it was working correctly. Search for “Create a restore point” in the Start Menu.

Step 9: Checking for Malware (Eliminating Malicious Software)

Malware infections can cause various system errors and instability. Run a full scan with Windows Security or your preferred antivirus software.

Step 10: Considering a Clean Boot for Troubleshooting

If you suspect a third-party application or driver is causing the errors, you can perform a clean boot to start Windows with a minimal set of drivers and startup programs. Search for “msconfig” in the Start Menu.

Step 11: When All Else Fails – Consider Resetting Windows (Keep Your Files Option)

As a last resort before a clean installation, you can try resetting Windows while choosing the option to keep your personal files. Go to Settings > System > Recovery > Reset this PC and choose the “Keep my files” option.

My Personal Insights on Fixing Windows Errors

I’ve found that a systematic approach is key to resolving Windows errors. Starting with the simplest solutions and gradually working your way through more complex possibilities is often the most effective strategy. In a diverse environment like Delhi, India, ensuring your drivers are up to date and your system is free from malware are crucial for a stable Windows experience.

That moment when you log into your Windows computer, only to be greeted by a black screen with nothing but your mouse cursor, can be incredibly frustrating. I’ve “observed” countless users in Delhi, India, and around the world encounter this issue, and while it might seem serious, often it’s a problem you can troubleshoot and fix yourself. This guide will walk you through a detailed, step-by-step process to diagnose and resolve the dreaded black screen after login on Windows (applicable to both Windows 10 and Windows 11 in April 2025).

Step 1: The Immediate First Aid – Force Restart Your Computer

When you’re stuck on a black screen, your first instinct might be to panic. However, let’s start with the simplest solution: a force restart.

1. Press and Hold the Power Button: Press and hold the power button on your computer for about 5-10 seconds until the system completely shuts down.
2. Wait a Few Seconds: Give your computer a brief pause (around 10-15 seconds).
3. Power On Again: Press the power button again to turn your computer back on.

Sometimes, a temporary glitch during the login process can cause this issue, and a simple restart might resolve it.

Step 2: Try the Ctrl + Alt + Delete Shortcut (Accessing System Options)

If a regular restart doesn’t work, this classic shortcut can sometimes bring up options that allow you to troubleshoot further.

1. Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete: Press these three keys simultaneously.
2. Look for Options: A blue screen with several options might appear, such as “Task Manager,” “Sign out,” “Change a password,” or “Power.”
3. Try Task Manager: Select “Task Manager.” If it opens, check the “Processes” tab for any programs that are not responding or consuming excessive resources. You can try ending these tasks.
4. Try Signing Out and Back In: If Task Manager doesn’t reveal any obvious issues, try signing out and then signing back into your account.

Step 3: Boot into Safe Mode (Diagnosing Software Issues)

Booting into Safe Mode starts Windows with a minimal set of drivers and startup programs. If the black screen doesn’t appear in Safe Mode, it indicates that a third-party application, driver, or service is likely the cause.

1. Force Shut Down Your Computer (If Necessary): If you can’t access the restart options, press and hold the power button until the system shuts down.
2. Power On and Interrupt Startup: Power on your computer and as soon as you see the manufacturer’s logo, press the power button again to force a shutdown. Repeat this process (power on, interrupt) 2-3 times.
3. Access Advanced Startup Options: On the third startup, Windows should boot into the Advanced Startup Options menu.
4. Navigate to “Troubleshoot” > “Advanced options” > “Startup Settings”: Click through these options.
5. Click “Restart”: Your computer will restart again, and you’ll see a list of startup options.
6. Press 4 or F4 for “Enable Safe Mode” or 5 or F5 for “Enable Safe Mode with Networking”: “Safe Mode with Networking” allows you to access the internet if you need to download drivers or further troubleshoot online.
7. Observe for Black Screen: If the black screen doesn’t appear in Safe Mode, proceed to Step 4.

Step 4: Troubleshooting the Cause in Safe Mode

If your computer boots successfully into Safe Mode, the black screen after login is likely caused by a software conflict.

1. Update Your Display Drivers: Outdated or corrupted graphics drivers are a very common cause of this issue. While in Safe Mode with Networking, download the latest drivers for your graphics card (NVIDIA, AMD, or Intel) from the manufacturer’s website and install them.
2. Uninstall Recently Installed Software: If the black screen started appearing after you installed new software, try uninstalling it from Safe Mode.
3. Disable Startup Programs: Use Task Manager (Ctrl + Shift + Esc) and go to the “Startup” tab. Disable all startup programs. You can re-enable them one by one after restarting to identify the culprit.
4. Disable Non-Essential Services: Use the Services app (search for “Services” in the Start Menu) to disable non-essential third-party services. Be cautious when disabling services, as some are necessary for Windows to function correctly.

After trying each of these steps in Safe Mode, restart your computer normally to see if the issue is resolved. If it is, you’ve likely found the problematic software or driver.

Step 5: Check Your Display Connections (External Monitors)

If you are using an external monitor, ensure the connection is secure and the correct input source is selected.

1. Verify Cable Connections: Make sure the video cable (HDMI, DisplayPort, etc.) is firmly plugged into both your computer and the monitor.
2. Try a Different Cable: A faulty cable can sometimes cause display issues. Try using a different video cable.
3. Check Monitor Input Source: Ensure your monitor is set to the correct input source that corresponds to the cable connected to your computer.

Step 6: Check for Hard Drive Errors (Potential System Instability)

Although less directly related to a black screen after login, hard drive errors can sometimes cause system instability.

1. Open Command Prompt as Administrator: Search for “cmd” in the Start Menu, right-click on “Command Prompt,” and select “Run as administrator.” 
2. Run the CHKDSK Command: Type chkdsk /f /r and press Enter. You’ll be asked if you want to schedule the disk check to run the next time you restart. Type Y and press Enter, then restart your computer.

Step 7: Consider System Restore (Reverting to a Previous State)

If the black screen issue started recently, you can try using System Restore to revert your computer back to a previous point in time when it was working correctly. Search for “Create a restore point” in the Start Menu and follow the prompts.

Step 8: When All Else Fails – Consider a System Reset (Keep Your Files Option)

As a more drastic measure before a clean installation, you can try resetting Windows while choosing the option to keep your personal files. Go to Settings > System > Recovery > Reset this PC and choose the “Keep my files” option. This will reinstall Windows but keep your data, although you’ll need to reinstall your applications.

My Personal Insights on Fixing Black Screen After Login (April 2025, India)

I’ve found that in many cases, especially with the diverse range of hardware and software used in India, display driver issues are a frequent cause of the black screen after login. Booting into Safe Mode and updating these drivers is often the key to resolving the problem. Remember to also consider any recently installed software or peripherals that might be causing conflicts. If you’re comfortable, checking physical connections is also a good step.